Abstract The climatic cycles with subsequent glacial and intergalcial periods have had a great impact on the distribution and evolution of species. Using genetic analytical tools considerably increased our understanding of these processes. In this review I therefore give an overview of the molecular biogeography of Europe. https://safeersappliancers.shop/product-category/aeg-bpe742320m-sensecook-pyrolytic-oven-with-prosight-plus-touch-cont/